RLF 


B    3    1DM    17fl 


GLOSSARY 


ENTOMOLOGY 


PHILADELPHl 

PUBLISHED  BY  SAMUEL  AUGUSTUS  MJTC 
18 


EXPLANATION 


OF 


EXPLANATION 


OF 


TERMS  USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY, 


A. 

Abbreviated,  shortened,  not  extending  to  the  extremity  of  a 
given  part;  (elytra)  shorter  than  the  abdomen. 

Mdomen,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body,  divided  into  seg- 
ments or  rings,  by  sutures  or  incisures ;  including  the  viscera, 
genitals,  &c.,  and  composed  of  tergum,  venter,  stigmata,  and 
anus. 

Mrupt,  terminating  suddenly,  not  drawn  out  to  a  point. 

lAcetabuliform,  like  a  circular  shallow  saucer,  the  sides  of  which 
are  more  or  less  incurved.  See  calathiform. 

Jlcetabulum,  that  segment  of  the  postpectus  that  is  situated  be- 
hind the  peristaethium ;  it  is  bounded  each  side  by  the  para- 
pleurae,  and  behind  by  the  mserianse  ;  it  contains  cavities  be- 
fore for  the  insertion  of  the  intermediate  feet. 

Jlcicular,  needle-shaped  ;  approaching  subulate,  but  more  slen- 
der, with  a  more  delicate  and  pungent  point;  closely  allied  to 
acerose. 

Jlcinaciform,  cimitar-shaped  ;  sabre-shaped  ;  one  thick  and 
straight  edge,  the  other  thin  and  curved. 

Jlcini,  granulations. 

Aculeate,  prickly  ;  furnished  with,  or  ending  in,  prickles ; 
armed  with  small  sharp  points. 

Aculeate-serrate,  armed  with  numerous  short  spines  or  prickles 
inclining  towards  one  end. 

•ftculei,  prickles;  small  sharp  points. 

*ftculeus,  the  instrument  and  appendages  with  which  the  female 
lays  her  eggs;  the  oviduct  or  sting;  an  elongated  dart,  often 
poisonous,  seated  in  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen ;  it  is  com- 
pound, having  two  or  more  darts  ;  exserted,  projecting ;  re- 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

condite,  concealed  ;  retractile,  capable  of  being  withdrawn  ; 
simple,  having  but  one  point ;  or  vaginate,  inclosed  in  a  bivalve 
sheath ;  it  is  composed  of  valvas,  vagina,  and  spicula. 

^Acuminated,  tapering  to  a  point;  a  point  lengthened  out. 

•Acute,  sharp  pointed. 

tftdnafa,  connected  ;  adhering  or  growing  together  ;  adjoining ; 
(abdomen)  attached  to  the  thorax  without  the  intervention  of 
a  petiole. 

•Adpressed,  contiguous  ;  pressed  to,  or  laid  to. 

JEquata,  equal. 

JEroscepsin,  a  supposed  unknown  sense,  of  which  the  antennae 
are,  by  some,  believed  to  be  the  organs. 

JEruginous,  the  colour  of  verdegrise  ;  light  bluish-green. 

«/?/a?,  wings. 

Alated,  winged  ;  furnished  with  wings,  or  with  projecting  bodies 
somewhat  like  wings. 

•Albidus,  a  dusky  white. 

•.Albus,  white. 

Alternate,  so  placed  that  between  two  on  one  side,  there  is  but 
one  on  the  opposite  side ;  or  a  series  of  spots  on  the  chequer- 
board  would  be  said  to  be  alternately  black,  or  alternately 
white.  See  opposite. 

•Alveolate,  furnished  with  cells. 

•Alveole,  a  cell  like  that  of  a  honeycomb. 

Ambulatory •,  formed  for  walking.     See  saltatory,  cursory. 

Anal  angle,  the  inner  posterior  angle  of  the  inferior  wings  of 
the  Lepidoptera. 

•Anastomosing,  inosculating,  or  running  into  each  other  like 
veins. 

•Anastomosis,  a  spot  in  the  upper  wing,  at  the  branching  of  the 
nervures,  near  the  costal  edge  ;  the  stigma;  in  general  this 
word  is  used  to  indicate  the  connection  of  any  two  nervures 
of  the  wing,  by  means  of  a  transverse  nervure. 

•Anceps,  two-edged,  very  similar  to  ensiform. 

•Ancipital,  having  two  opposite  edges  or  angles. 

•Annulata,  or  annulosa,  one  of  the  four  great  types  into  which 
Cuvier  divides  the  animal  kingdom;  it  consists  of  those  ani- 
mals whose  bodies  are  more  or  less  divided  transversely  into 
segments.  It  includes  the  classes  Crustacea,  Myriapoda,  Arach- 
nicles,  Insecta,  and  Vermes. 

•Annulate,  or  annulated,  furnished  with  coloured  rings;  marked 
with  differently  coloured  annulations. 

•Annulus,  a  ring;  the  circumference  of  the  gula  in  which  the 
lora  terminates ;  a  term  applied  to  coloured  rings  upon  the 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  5 

body  or  members,  differing  from  a  band,  by  being  continued 
quite  round. 

Antennas,  two  articulated  organs  of  sensation,  situated  on  the 
head;  in  the  hymenoptera  particularly,  they  are  divided  into 
radicula,  scapus,  pedicellus,  and  apex;  they  are  moniliform, 
setaceous,  clavate,  &c. 

Anterior  angle,  of  the  thorax,  is  the  lateral  angle  near  the  head 
on  each  side. 

Anterior  margin,  the  margin  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  wings, 
extending  from  the  base  to  the  apex;  the  costal  margin; 
opposite  to  the  posterior  margin. 

Anterior  palpi,  the  labial  palpi. 

Anterior  tvings,  the  superior  wings. 

Antipenultimate,  the  last  but  two. 

Amis,  the  apex  of  the  abdomen,  in  which  the  organs  of  genera- 
tion in  most  insects  are  attached  or  concealed  ;  including  fim- 
bria,  aculeus,  and  penis. 

Apex,  in  general  indicates  the  terminal  portion  of  any  organ  or 
part  of  the  body  ;  (of  the  wing)  it  is  that  part  or  angle  which 
is  opposed  to,  or  at  the  greatest  distance  from,  the  base;  (ligula) 
the  portion  which  is  not  included  in  the  tubus  ;  (maxillae)  that 
portion  which  is  above  the  palpus. 

Apiculate,  covered  with  fleshy,  erect,  short  points.  See  verru- 
cose. 

Apodal,  (larvae)  with  simple  tubercles  instead  of  feet.  See 
geometrae. 

Apophysis,  the  coxae  ;  the  two  small  basal  joints  of  the  feet.  See 
trochanter  and  flocculus. 

Approaching,  converging. 

Approximate,  near  to,  near  together  ;  (antennae)  close  together 
at  base. 

Aptera,  insects  without  wings;  many  of  the  Coleoptera  are  des- 
titute of  wings,  and  in  most  of  such  species  the  elytra  are 
inseparable :  the  females  of  several  species  of  the  Lepidoptera 
are  also  destitute  of  wings ;  as  are  also  some  of  the  Hymenop- 
tera. 

Arachnoideous,  cobweb-like ;  resembling  a  cobweb. 

Arcuated,  or  arquated,  bowed. 

Areas,  or  Areolas,  wing  cells ;  the  membranaceous  spaces  between 
the  nervures;  the  cellules. 

Aristate,  or  setarious,  (antennae)  furnished  with  a  hair,  which 
arises  from  the  superior,  lateral,  or  terminal  portion  of  the  ter- 
minal joint,  as  in  the  common  house-fly.  See  clavate,  lamel- 
late. 


b  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Articulate,  divided  into  distinct  joints. 

•Articulation,  joint ;  this  word  is  generally  used  to  denote  the 
space  between  two  joints ;  articulations  are  apparent,  when 
their  distinction  is  obvious,  and  obsolete,  when  their  separa- 
tions are  not,  or  hardly  visible.  The  Coleoptera  have  gener- 
ally eleven  articulatious  to  each  antenna,  the  Hemiptera  four 
to  six,  the  Hymenoptera  commonly  thirteen  in  the  males  and 
twelve  in  the  females. 

Jlrtus,  the  members;  the  instruments  of  motion,  wings,  feet,  &c. 

Asperous,  rugged  ;  with  very  distinct  elevated  dots,  more  uneven 
than  scabrous. 

Assurgent,  rising  ;  declining  at  the  base,  and  rising  in  a  curved 
manner  to  an  erect  posture. 

Ater,  the  deepest  black. 

Atomus,  a  minute  dot  or  point. 

Atropurpureus,  dark  purplish,  almost  black. 

Jltrovirens,  dark  green,  approaching  blackish. 

Attenuated,  growing  slender;  tapering. 

Aurantiacus,  orange  colour ;  a  mixture  of  yellow  and  red.  See 
fulvous. 

Aurelia,  that  state  of  the  imperfect  insect  which  succeeds  the 
larva  ;  the  chrysalis  or  quiescent  state  of  transformation  of  an 
insect,  in  which  it  is  often  inclosed  in  a  separate  hard  cocoon 
or  follicle.  See  nympha,  pupa. 

Aureus,  golden-yellow. 

Auricle,  or  auricula,  an  appendage  resembling  a  little  ear ;  a 
short  membranaceous  process,  placed  laterally  on  the  tongue, 
it  is  peculiar  to  the  family  Andrenidae  ;  they  are  distinguished 
from  the  latinise  interiores  of  the  Apidae  by  being  usually 
serrate  at  tip  ;  they  are  the  "  petites  parties  en  forme  de  bar- 
billons"  of  Degeer  ;  a  depressed,  lateral,  rounded  lobe  of  the 
thorax. 

Axillary,  placed  in  the  crotch  or  angle  of  the  origin  of  two 
bodies  ;  arising  from  the  angles  of  ramification. 

Azure,  azure-blue ;  nearly  the  same  as  cxruleus,  but  more  like 
ultramarine. 

B. 

Badius,  chesnut  or  liver  brown. 

Barb,  a  kind  of  spine  armed  with  teeth  pointing  backwards. 

Barbated,  or  bearded,  (antennae)  having  tufts  or  fascicles  of  hair 

at  the  articulations ;  (abdomen)  tufted  with  hair  at  the  sides 

or  tip. 
Basal,  or  basilar,  relating  to  the  base. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  / 

Base,  (of  the  wing  or  elytra)  that  part  which  is  attached  to  the 
thorax  ;  (of  the  thorax)  that  part  which  is  nearest  to  the  elytra ; 
(of  the  abdomen)  the  part  nearest  to  the  metathorax ;  (of  the 
tongue)  the  portion  included  in  the  tubus ;  (of  the  maxillae) 
the  part  below  the  palpus,  including  cardo  and  pecten. 

Bearded,  barbated. 

Bicaudate,  having  two  tails  or  processes ;  this  term  is  gener- 
ally applied  to  the  posterior  wings  of  Lepidoptera  when  thus 
formed. 

Bicornute,  two-horned. 

Bicuspidate,  ending  in  two  points. 

Bifarious,  pointing  in  opposite  directions. 

Bifid,  cleft;  cloven  in  two.   See  emarginate,  furcate,  biparted. 

Bijugum,  in  two  pairs. 

Bilamellar,  divided  into  two  laminae. 

Bilobate,  divided  into  two  lobes. 

Bilocular,  having  two  cells  or  compartments. 

Binate,  in  pairs  ;  consisting  of  a  single  pair. 

Biparted,  profoundly  divided  into  two  parts.     See  bifid. 

Bipupillate,  an  ocellate  spot  having  two  pupils  or  dots  within 
it,  of  a  different  colour. 

Biradiate^  consisting  of  two  rays. 

Bisetous,  furnished  with  two  setaceous  appendages. 

Bivalve,  (proboscis)  consisting  of  two  valves  or  divisions, 
united  so  as  to  form  a  tube. 

Blind,  or  subocellate,  applied  to  an  eye-like  spot  which  is  des- 
titute of  the  central  spot  or  pupil. 

Body,  includes  every  part  of  an  insect,  and  is  divided  into  head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen. 

Boreal,  of  or  belonging  to  the  north. 

Botryoidal,  clustered  like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Brachial  nervures,  those  nervures  of  the  anterior  wing  that  ori- 
ginate at  the  thorax,  and  run  somewhat  parallel  with  the  inte- 
rior edge  towards  the  posterior  angle  or  posterior  edge,  often 
connected  with  the  cubital  cellules  by  means  of  the  recurrent 
nervures. 

Bronze,  the  colour  of  old  brass. 

Brunneus,  pure  very  dark  brown. 

Bullate,  blistered. 

c. 

Caducus,  shedding  ;  easily  and  quickly  falling  off. 
Caeruleus,  colour  of  the  sky ;  sky-blue. 
Caesius,  pale  blue,  approaching  gray. 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

CalatMform,  bowl-shaped ;  hemispherical  and  concave.  See 
crateriform,  proculiform. 

Calcarate,  having  a  spur. 

Calyculate,  double-cupped ;  one  cup  placed  within  another. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped  ;  more  or  less  ventricose  at  the  base, 
and  a  little  recurved  at  the  margin. 

Canaliculate,  channelled;  excavated  longitudinally,  with  a  con- 
cave line  in  the  middle. 

Cancellate^  or  cancelled,  cross-barred ;  latticed ;  having  longi- 
tudinal lines  or  grooves  decussate  by  transverse  ones. 

Canus,  hoary,  with  more  white  than  gray. 

Capillary,  hair-like ;  long  and  slender  like  a  hair.  See  fili- 
form. 

Capitate,  having  a  head ;  terminating  in  a  little  head  or  knob  ; 
it  differs  from  clavate  by  a  more  abrupt  enlargement. 

Capitulum,  the  dilated  or  labiated  termination  of  a  proboscis  ; 
the  enlarged  tip  of  the  halteres. 

Caput,  the  head. 

Cardo,  or  cardines,  in  Hymenoptera,  is  a  transverse  corneous 
body,  situated  between  the  base  of  the  maxillae  and  the  lora  ; 
they  are  mentioned  by  Svvammerdam  as  organs,  by  which,  in 
conjunction  with  the  fulcrum,  the  proboscis  is  united  to  the 
head. 

Carina,  a  keel. 

Carinate,  keeled ;  resembling  a  keel ;  having  a  longitudinal 
prominence  like  the  keel  of  a  boat. 

Carious,  corroded,  or  having  the  appearance  of  being  worm- 
eaten. 

Carneous,  flesh-coloured. 

Carpus,  or  punctum,  is  at  the  extremity  of  the  radius  and  cu- 
bitus  of  the  anterior  wing;  this  is  the  joint  in  the  wing  of 
some  insects  by  means  of  which  it  is  folded  transversely ;  it 
has  been  called  stigma  in  the  Neuroptera,  and  is  often  opake. 

Cartilaginous,  of  the  consistence  of  cartilage  or  gristle. 

Caruncle,  a  soft,  naked,  fleshy  excrescence. 

Cataphracted,  invested  with  a  hard  callous  skin,  or  with  scales 
closely  united. 

Caterpillar,  the  larva  or  eruca. 

Cauda,  the  tail ;  the  posterior  and  terminal  part  of  the  abdomen; 
an  appendage  of  any  kind  terminating  the  abdomen  is  usually 
called  by  this  name.  See  anus. 

Caudate,  generally  applied  to  the  posterior  wings  of  Lepidop- 
tera,  to  indicate  tail-like  projections  or  processes. 

Caudulx,  tailets ;  little  tails. 


USED    IN    ENTOMOLOGY.  9 

Cellule,  a  portion  of  the  wing  included  between  nervures.  See 
radial  cellule. 

Cernuous,  bent ;  the  apex  bent  downward.     See  nutant. 

Cespitose,  matted  together. 

Cheek,  the  gena ;  a  portion  of  the  head  beneath  the  eyes  on 
each  side. 

Chela,  the  terminal  portion  of  a  foot,  which  has  a  moveable 
lateral  toe  like  the  claw  of  a  crab. 

Chrysalis,  the  second  state  of  the  insect  from  the  egg;  particu- 
larly the  second  state  of  Lepidopterous  insects,  of  which 
caterpillar  or  eruca  is  the  first ;  the  pupa. 

Cicatrix,  a  scar;  an  elevated,  rigid  spot. 

Ciliate,  fringed  ;  set  with  parallel  hairs,  bristles,  &c. 

Cinereous,  ash-colour;  gray  tinged  a  little  with  blackish;  the 
colour  of  wood  ashes. 

Cingula,  a  coloured  band. 

Circinal,  spirally  rolled  inwards  and  downwards,  as  in  the  lingua 
of  Lepidoptera. 

Class,  one  of  the  principal  divisions  in  a  system  or  arrangement 
of  natural  bodies. 

Clavate,  club-shaped  ;  gradually  becoming  thicker  towards  the 
end;  See  capitate. 

Claw,  the  unguis. 

Clypeus,  the  superior  portion  of  the  head  in  Coleopterous  in- 
sects. 

Coadunate,  joined  together  at  base ;  two  or  more  joined  to- 
gether; (elytra)  permanently  united  at  the  suture. 

Coarctate,  contracted  ;  compact ;  opposed  to  effuse ;  (metamor- 
phose) that  species  of  change  in  which  the  pupa  assumes  a 
cylindrical  shape,  all  the  members  of  the  body  being  concealed 
as  in  the  family  of  Hippoboscar  See  incomplete,  semicom- 
plete. 

Cocardes,  retractile  vesicular  bodies  on  each  side  of  the  stethi- 
dium  of  insects  of  the  genus  Malachius. 

Coccineous,  the  colour  of  the  blossom  of  the  saffron. 

Cochleate,  twisted  spirally  like  a  screw,  or  a  univalve  shell. 

Cocoon,  a  follicle. 

Coenogonous,  oviparous  at  one  season  of  the  year,  and  ovovi- 
viparous  at  another,  as  the  Aphides. 

Coleoptera,  the  first  order  of  insects,  having  coriaceous  elytra, 
not  lapped  one  over  the  other  at  tip ;  coriaceous  elytra. 

Collar,  the  collum. 

Collare,  the  somewhat  elevated  posterior  part  of  the  collum. 

Collum*  the  neck  or  collar;  the  anterior  segment  of  the  trunk 

B 


10  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

in  such  insects  as  have  that  part  of  the  body  divided  into  several 
pieces,  as  in  the  Hymenoptera,  Lepidoptera,  &c. ;  in  reality 
it  corresponds  with  the  thorax  of  the  Coleoptera,  &c.     See 
col/are. 
Columnar,  differs  from  cylindric,  by  tapering  towards  one  end, 

like  the  shaft  of  a  column. 

Comose,  ending  in  a  tuft,  or  a  kind  of  brush..    See  plumose. 
Compressed,  flattened  laterally ;  the  transverse  diameter  much 

shorter  than  the  vertical  diameter.     See  depressed. 
Concolores,  applied  to  the  wings  of  Lepidopterous  insects  when 

their  superior  and  inferior  surfaces  are  of  the  same  colour. 
Conduplicate,  doubled,  or  folded  together. 
Confert,  crowded,  clustered  ;  opposed  to  sparse. 
Confluent,  running  into  one  another. 
Congested,  heaped  together. 
Conglomerate,  congregated. 
Conjugate,  consisting  of  a  single  pair. 
Connate,  united  at  base. 

Connivent,  converging  or  approaching;  closing. 
Contiguous,  touching ;  placed  so  near  as  to  touch.  See  approxi- 
mate. 
Contorted,  twisted ;  incumbent  upon  each  other  in  an  oblique 

direction. 

Convolute,  rolled  or  twisted  spirally  ;  (wings)  wrapping  around 
the  body,  the  outer  surface  being  convex.  See  revolute,  in- 
volute. 

Converging,  approaching  each  other  towards  the  tip ;  connivent. 
Corbicula,  in  many  species  of  Hymenoptera,  is  a  fringe  of  hairs 
on  the  posterior  tibia,  arising  from  the  margins  of  the  limb 
only.    See  scopa. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped  ;  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  an 
emargination  should  exist  on  the  anterior  part,  but  it  requires 
that  the  object  be  somewhat  triangular  with  the  corners  of  the 
base  rounded. 

Coriaceous,  leather-like;  thick,  tough,  and  somewhat  rigid. 
Corneous,  of  a  horny  substance;  resembling  horn. 
Corniform,  horn-shaped  ;  long,  mucronate,  or  pointed. 
Cornutus,  horn-shaped. 
Corona,  a  crown-like  appearance. 
Corpus,  the  body. 
Corrugated,  wrinkled. 
Costa^  the  thickened  anterior  margin  of  a  wing,  between  the 

base  and  apex.     See  stigma. 
Costal-margin,  the  anterior  margin  of  a  wing. 


USED   IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  11 

Costate,  ribbed ;  marked  with  elevated  thickened  lines. 

Coxae,  the  two-jointed  base  of  the  feet ;  the  apophysis,  consisting 
of  the  patella  and  trochanter. 

Craleriform,  somewhat  like  calathiform,  but  not  so  much  in- 
flated, and  rather  approaching  to  infundibuliform.  See  urceo- 
late. 

Crenate,  scolloped ;  differs  from  serrate  and  dentate  in  having 
rounded  teeth,  not  directed  towards  either  end. 

Cruciate,  cross-shaped;  having  the  shape  of  a  cross;  (wings) 
incumbent,  but  the  inner  margins  lay  one  over  the  other. 

Crustaceous,  somewhat  hard,  elastic,  resisting  the  pressure  of 
the  finger. 

Cubital-cellule,  a  portion  of  the  superior  wing,  included  be- 
tween the  nervure  of  the  radial  cellule  and  a  nervure  which 
originates  near  the  extremity  of  the  cubitus,  and  runs  in  a 
curvilinear  direction  towards  the  extremity  of  the  wing  ;  it  is 
complete  if  this  nervure  reaches  the  posterior  edge,  and  incom- 
plete if  the  nervure  is  abbreviated  ;  it  is  often  divided  into  two 
or  three  parts  by  transverse  nervures  ;  when  one  of  these  parts 
or  small  cellules  appears  to  be  supported  by  a  petiole  it  is 
termed  a  petiolated  cellule  ;  it  is  called  submarginal  cellule 
by  some  authors. 

Cubitus,  the  second  nervure  of  the  exterior  margin  of  the  wing, 
extending  from  the  base  to  the  carpus ;  it  is  separated  from 
the  radius  by  an  intermediate  membrane. 

Cucullate,  cone-shaped ;  hooded. 

Cultrate,  shaped  like  a  pruning-knife. 

Cuneiform,  wedge-shaped ;  broad  and  truncated  at  one  end,  and 
attenuated  to  the  other. 

Cupreous,  coppery  ;  the  colour  of  copper. 

Cuspidate,  prickly-pointed;  ending  in  a  sharp  point;  an  acu- 
minated point  ending  in  a  bristle.  See  mucronate. 

Cursory,  formed  for  running.     See  natatory. 

Cyathiform,  wineglass-shaped  ;  more  or  less  obconical  and  con- 
cave. See  calathiform,  acetabuliform. 

Cyaneus,  dark-blue,  like  prussian-blue. 

Cydariform,  globose,  but  truncated  at  two  opposite  sides. 

Cymbiform,  boat-shaped ;  navicular. 

D. 

Deciduous,  falling  off  easily.     See  caducus. 
Decrepitant,  crackling. 

Decumbent,  bending  down  ;  upright  at  base,  and  bending  down 
at  tip.  See  procumbent. 


12  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Decurrent,  closely  attached  to,  and  running  down  another  body. 

Decurved,  bowed  downwards.     See  excurved. 

Decussated,  in  cross-pairs ;  pairs  alternately  crossing  each  other. 

Deflected,  bent  downwards;  (wings)  incumbent  but  not  hori- 
zontally, the  outer  edges  declining  towards  the  sides. 

Dehiscent,  gaping  ;  open  or  standing  open  ;  deeply  emarginate. 

Deltoid,  triangular  spear-shaped ;  trowel-shaped ;  having  the 
general  appearance  of  a  triangle,  with  the  terminal  angle  much 
further  from  the  base  than  the  lateral  ones. 

Dendroid,  shrub-like;  having  the  appearance  of  a  little  tree. 

Dentate,  toothed  ;  with  acute  teeth,  the  sides  of  which  are  equal, 
the  tip  being  opposite  to  the  middle  of  the  base.  See  serrate. 

Dentate-serrate,  tooth-serrated  ;  the  denticulations  being  them- 
selves serrated  on  their  edges. 

Dentate-sinuate,  toothed  and  indented. 

Denticulated,  set  with  little  teeth  or  notches. 

Denuded,  or  denudated,  destitute  of  covering ;  (wings)  without 
scales  or  hair. 

Dependent,  hanging  down. 

Depressed,  pressed  downward  ;  more  or  less  flattened  vertically  ; 
the  vertical  diameter  much  shorter  than  the  transverse  diame- 
ter. See  compressed. 

Detonant,  exploding  ;  emitting  a  sudden  noise. 

Diaphanous,  semitransparent;  clear. 

Dichotomous,  forked  ;  dividing  by  pairs. 

Diffracted,  bending  in  different  directions. 

Diffuse,  spreading. 

Digitate,  finger-like ;  divided  like  fingers  nearly  to  the  base. 

Digitus,  the  terminal  joints  of  the  tarsus  and  manus,  divided 
into  unguis  and  pulvillus. 

Dimidiatus,  half  round ;  extending  half  way  round  ;  (elytra) 
covering  but  half  the  tergum. 

Dioptrate,  applied  to  an  ocellate  spot,  of  which  the  pupil  is 
divided  by  a  transverse  line. 

Diptera,  that  order  of  insects  comprehending  those  that  have 
only  two  wings. 

Disk,  the  surface  within  the  margin. 

Dislocated,  applied  to  designate  a  stria  or  line  which  is  inter- 
rupted in  its  continuity,  but  of  which  the  tips  at  the  inter- 
rupted parts  are  not  in  a  right  line  with  each  other. 

Dissilient,  bursting  open  elastically. 

Distinct,  (antenna?)  not  united  at  base. 

Divaricate,  straddling;  spreading  out ;  (wings)  incumbent,  but 
diverging  behind. 


USED   IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  13 

Diverging,  spreading  out  widely,  so  as  to  form  nearly  a  right 
angle. 

Dolabriform,  hatchet-shaped ;  compressed,  with  a  very  promi- 
nent dilated  keel  and  cylindrical  base.  See  securiform. 

Dorsal,  of  the  back. 

Dorsum,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  stethidium  on  the  superior 
surface  of  the  body,  directly  above  thepostpectus,  and  bounded 
behind  by  the  tergum  ;  in  the  Coleoptera  it  is  covered  by  the 
basal  portion  of  the  elytra. 

Duplicate,  doubled. 

E. 

Ecalcarate,  without  a  spur  or  horn. 

Echinate,  set  with  prickles. 

Edentulous,  destitute  of  teeth. 

Edge,  of  a  surface,  is  that  line  which  includes  the  margin,  and 
forms  the  extreme  boundary  ;  the  elytra  of  many  Coleoptera 
have  a  deflected  margin  beneath  the  edge  called  epipleura. 

EJlected,  bent  outwards  somewhat  angularly. 

Egg,  the  first  state  of  the  insect. 

Eliptical,  elongate-oval;  differs  from  oval  by  having  the  lines 
nearly  parallel  in  the  middle. 

Elytra,  coriaceous,  opake,  more  or  less  solid  lamellae,  separated 
in  repose  by  a  rectilinear  suture,  substituted  for  the  anterior 
wings  and  covering  the  dorsum  and  tergum  in  repose ;  in- 
cluding, base,  tip,  humerus,  and  epipleura.  See  hemelytra. 

Emarginate,  notched  ;  terminating  in  an  acute  notch  at  tip. 
See  sinuate. 

Ensiform,  sword-shaped  ;  two-edged,  large  at  base,  and  taper- 
ing towards  the  point.  See  ancipital. 

Entire,  (wings)  with  a  simple  margin  ;  not  indented  on  the  edge. 

Epupillate,  an  ocellate  spot  included  by  a  coloured  ring,  but 
destitute  of  a  pupil  or  central  dot. 

Epipleura,  the  deflexed  or  inflexed  margin  of  the  elytra,  imme- 
diately beneath  the  edge. 

Equal,  superfices  without  inequalities,  not  canaliculated,  striated, 
punctured,  &c  ;  this  term  differs  from  plane  in  not  requiring 
the  part  to  be  level  or  in  a  rectilinear  direction,  but  occurs  in 
round  bodies  ;  also  applied  to  bodies  of  the  same  length. 

Equitant,  folded  one  upon  the  other;  laminated. 

Erect,  upright ;  nearly  but  not  absolutely  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon.  See  vertical. 

Eroded,  gnawed ;  as  if  worm-eaten  ;  (edge)  with  irregular  teeth 
and  emarginations. 


14  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Eruca,  the  state  of  Lepidopterous  insects  succeeding  the  egg ; 

caterpillar ;  larva. 
Escutcheon,  the  scutel. 
Essential  character,  a  peculiar  trait,  distinguishing  the  genus 

or  species  from  all  others. 
Exaratus,  sulcated. 
Exarticulate,  having  no  distinct  joints. 

Excaudate,  or  ecaudate,  (wings)  destitute  of  tail-like  processes. 
Excurved,  curved  outwards. 
Explanate,  spread  out :  flat. 
Exscutellate,  having  no  scutel. 
Exserted,  protruded  ;  opposed  to  inclosed  ;  (aculeus)  projecting, 

not  concealed  within  the  body. 
Extended,  (wings)  not  lying  one  upon  the  other. 
Exterior  edge,  or  anterior  edge,  of  the  wings;  it  extends  from 

the  base  to  the  apex. 
Exterior  margin,  (wing)  the  anterior  margin,  from  the  base  to 

the  apex. 

Exterior  palpi,  the  maxillary  palpi. 

Exuvia,  the  cast-off  skin,  the  rejected  covering.    See  vernantia. 
Eyes,  organs  of  sight,  composed  of  very  numerous  hexagonal 

lenses ;  all  insects  have  two  eyes  besides  the  stemmata. 

F. 

Face,  or  fades,  the  anterior  and  superior  portion  of  the  head  ; 
including  vertex,  stemmata,  eyes,  front,  and  nasus. 

Falcate,  shaped  like  a  sickle ;  convexly  curved  before  and  con- 
cave behind. 

Farctus,  filled  full. 

Fascia,  a  transverse  band  or  broad  line ;  a  fascia  is  said  to  be 
common,  when  it  passes  over  both  the  superior  and  inferior 
wings,  as  in  many  species  of  Lepidoptera,  or  when  it  passes 
across  the  two  elytra  in  Coleoptera.  See  striga. 

Fasciated,  banded. 

Fascicle,  a  bundle. 

Fasciculate,  bundled;  clustered  as  in  a  bundle;  tufted. 

Fastigiate,  flat-topped  ;  of  an  equal  height. 

Fatiscent,  spontaneously  mouldering  and  falling  to  pieces  in  the 
air. 

Favose,  honeycomb-like ;  with  large  deep  holes  like  the  cells  of 
a  honeycomb.  See  scrobiculate. 

Feelers,  the  palpi. 

Feet,  six  organs  of  motion  situated  beneath  the  body ;  consisting  of 
apophy sis,  femur,  tibia,  manus,  tarsus, plantus,  and  palma. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  15 

Femur,  the  thigh,  or  third  joint  of  the  feet. 

Fenestrate,  applied  to  the  naked  hyaline  spots  on  the  wings  of 

many  of  the  Lepidoptera. 

Ferruginous,  the  colour  of  the  oxide  of  iron  ;  brown  approach- 
ing yellow. 
Filate,  (antennae)  simple,  without  a  lateral  hair  or  dilatation  ; 

this  word  is  used  in  the  order  Diptera. 
Filiform,  thread-shaped ;  slender  and  of  equal  thickness.     See 

setaceous,  clavate. 

Pilose,  ending  in  a  thread-like  process. 
Fimbria,  thick  ciliated  hairs  at  the  termination  of  the  abdomen  ; 

conspicuous  in  the  genus  Andrena.     See  scopa,  flocculus. 
Fimbriated,  fringed. 

Fissile,  cloven  ;  divided  into  parallel  lamellae,  as  in  the  antennas 
of  Scarabaeus,  and  the  wings  of  the  Alucitadae.    See  lamellate. 
Fissure,  a  crevice ;  a  narrow  solution  of  continuity. 
Fistular,  hollow ;  applied  to  a  hollow  cylinder. 
Flabelliform,  fan-shaped. 
Flaccid,  limber;  feeble;  lax. 
Flagellum,  the  terminal  portion  of  the  antennae  situated  beyond 

the  pedicellus  ;  the  apex. 
Flavo-virens,  green  verging  upon  yellow. 
Flexuous,  zig-zag  without  acute  angles;  seems  to  differ  from 

undulated  in  being  alternately  bent  and  nearly  straight. 
Flocculus,  a  hairy  or  bristly  appendage  of  the  posterior  apophysis 

in  a  few  of  the  Hymenoptera.     Seejimbria. 
Fluviatile,  inhabiting  rivers,  as  the  larvae  of  many  insects. 
Foliaceous,  resembling  a  leaf. 

Follicle,  a  cocoon;  the  covering  formed  by  the  larva  for  protec- 
tion in  its  pupa  state. 

Forceps,  two  or  more  hooks  or  processes,  sometimes  branched 
on  the  inner  side,  with  which  the  male  grasps  the  anus  of  the 
female  ;  they  constitute  a  part  of  the  penis. 
Forcipated,  formed  somewhat  like  a  pair  of  pincers. 
Fornicate,  arched  or  vaulted. 
Fossula,  a  sinus :  a  small  hollow ;  foveola  and  scrobiculus  have 

nearly  the  same  meaning. 

Foveolate,  covered  superficially  with  cavities  like  a  honeycomb. 
Fragile,  brittle,  easily  broken. 

Front,  anterior  portion  of  the  head,  included  by  the  eyes,  vertex, 
and  nasus,  and  supporting  the  antennas;  (Diptera)  that  portion 
of  the  head  which  is  above  the  antennae  and  between  the  eyes, 
its  superior  portion  is  called  the  vertex. 


16  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Fulcrum,  the  corneous  body  on  which  the  base  of  the  tubus,  or 
sheath  of  the  tongue,  in  the  Hymenoptera,  rests ;  it  is  "  le 
pivot"  of  Reaumur. 

Fuliginous,  sooty ;  of  the  colour  of  soot. 

Fulvous,  orange-yellow. 

Furcated,  forked  ;  terminating  in  two  divisions. 

Fuscus,  dark  brown,  with  a  slight  mixture  of  gray. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped ;  gradually  tapering  more  or  less  to 
each  end. 

G. 

Galea,  helmet ;  a  dilated  inarticulate  membranaceous  piece  on 

each  maxilla,  that,   together  with  the  labrum,  covers  the 

organs  of  the  mouth  in  the  Orthoptera  and  some  of  the  Neu- 

roptera. 

Gastric^  of  or  belonging  to  the  belly. 
Gelatinous,  jelly-like  ;  having  the  consistence  of  jelly. 
Geminate,  situated  in  pairs. 
Gena,  cheek;  a  portion  of  the  head  on  each  side  immediately 

beneath  the  eye,  often  turgid. 

Geniculate,  knee-jointed  ;  bending  abruptly  in  an  obtuse  angle. 
Genus,  an  assemblage  of  species  which  correspond  in  particular 

characters. 
Geometrse,  larvae  which  when  walking  alternately  elevate  and 

straighten  the  middle  of  the  body,  as  in  those  of  the  genus 

Geometra ;  opposed  to  rectigrade. 
Gibbous,  hump-backed ;  protuberant. 
Glabrous,  smooth ;  opposed  to  hairy,  downy,  villous,  &c. 
Glaucous,  gray-bluish-green. 

Globular,  like  a  round  ball;  all  the  diameters  equal. 
Glochis,  a  barbed  point. 
Glomerate,  congregated. 
Glutinous,  slimy,  viscid. 
Gracile,  slender. 

Granulated,  covered  with  small  grains. 
Gregarious,  living  in  society,  as  many  of  the  larvae  of  Lepidop- 

tera  that  fabricate  a  common  web. 
Griseus,  light  gray. 

Grub,  the  larva;  generally  applied  to  the  immature  Scarabaeus. 
Gula,  concave  portion  beneath  the  head,  between  the  base  of 

the  mentum  and  thejugulum. 
Gymnopterx,  membranaceous  and  transparent  wings  without 

scales. 


USED    IN    ENTOMOLOGY.  17 

H. 

Habit,  or  habitus,  the  port  or  aspect. ;  used  comparatively  to 
express  a  resemblance  in  general  appearance,  apart  from  more 
important  markings  derived  from  organization. 

Habitation,  or  habitat,  a  situation  or  locality  frequented  by 
insects. 

Halteres,  the  poisers,  capitate  moveable  filaments,  in  the  Dip- 
tera,  situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  substituted  for  the 
inferior  wings,  and  often  covered  by  the  scale  ;  they  are  said 
to  be  naked  when  destitute  of  the  scale. 

Hamuli,  minute  hooks  in  Hymenoptera,  situated  on  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  under  wing,  they  lay  hold  of  the  hind  margin 
of  the  upper  wing. 

Hamus,  a  hooked  process,  covered  with  scales,  situated  under 
the  upper  wings  near  the  base,  in  the  males  of  many  of  the 
Lepidoptera,  receiving  a  bristle  (tendo)  from  the  lower  wing; 
the  hamus  is  never  present  in  females. 

Hand,  the  manus. 

Hastate,  halbert-shaped;  resembling  the  head  of  a  halbert;  ex- 
cavated at  the  base  and  sides,  but  with  spreading  lobes  or 
angles. 

Haustellum,  the  sucker;  it  is  formed  by  the  assemblage  of  in- 
flexible setae,  and  inclosed  in  a  rostellum  or  proboscis.  See 
lingula. 

Head,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body,  connected  at  base  vyith 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  stethidium;  it  includes  occiput, 
face,  gena,  mouth,  gula,jugulum,  and  antennae. 

Heels,  the  spinulas. 

Hemelytra,  scales,  generally  coriaceous  at  base,  and  membrana- 
ceous  at  tip,  not  divided  by  a  straight  suture,  and  substituted 
for  the  anterior  wings,  as  in  the  Orthoptera  and  Hemiptera. 
See  tegmina. 

Hemispheric,  convex  above  and  flat  below,  like  the  half  of  a 
globe. 

Hepatic,  liver-brown. 

Hexapode,  having  six  feet,  as  in  all  true  insects. 

Hirsute,  rough  with  strong  hairs ;  shaggy.  See  pilous,  villous, 
tomentous. 

Hispid,  bristly ;  rough  with  stiff,  short,  sparse  hairs.  See  stri- 
gose. 

Hoary,  covered  with  a  fine  white  silvery  substance  or  pubes- 
cence. See  pruinous. 

Homotene,  retaining  the  primitive  form ;  referring  to  those  arti- 

C 


IS  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

culated  animals  with  feet,  that  do  not  change  their  form  with 

their  vernantia. 

Horizontal,  (wings)  when  at  rest  parallel  to  the  horizon. 
Horns,  a  word  used  by  some  writers  to  designate  the  antennae. 
Humerus,  the  region  of  the  exterior  basal  angle  of  the  elytra ; 

according  to  Meigen  it  is  the  anterior  angles  of  the  thorax  in 

Diptera. 

Hyaline,  transparent;  vitreous. 
Hymenoptera,  an  order  of  insects,  comprehending  those  with 

four  membranaceous  naked  wings,  as  the  bees  and  wasps. 
Hypocrateriform,  salver-shaped. 
Hypostoma,  that  portion  of  a  Dipterous  insect  which  is  included 

between  the  antennae,  the  eyes  and  the  mouth  ;  called  by  some 

naturalists  clypeus. 

I. 

Imago,  the  perfect  insect,  after  having  passed  through  the  states 
of  larva  and  pupa. 

Imbricate,  tiled ;  placed  one  over  another  like  shingles  on  the 
roof  of  a  house. 

Immaculate,  destitute  of  spots. 

Immarginate,  having  no  elevated  margin  or  rim. 

Imperfect,  or  incomplete  metamorphose,  is  that  species  of  change 
from  the  larva  to  the  imago,  in  which  the  feet  and  wings  of 
the  pupa  are  immoveable,  as  in  the  Coleoptera,  Lepidoptera, 
&c. 

Incanus,  hoary. 

Incisure,  or  suture  of  the  abdomen,  is  an  impressed  transverse 
line,  marking  the  juncture  of  two  segments. 

Inclining,  leaning.  • 

Inconspicuous,  not  readily  discernible.     See  obsolete. 

Incrassated,  thickened,  swelled  out  at  some  particular  part. 

Incumbent,  resting  against;  one  lying  over  the  other;  (wings) 
which,  when  the  insect  is  at  rest,  cover  the  back  of  the  abdo- 
men horizontally. 

Incurved,  bowed  inwards.     See  recurved. 

Indurated,  hardened. 

Inequal,  unequal ;  with  irregular  elevations  and  depressions  on 
the  surface. 

Inferior  wings,  those  that  are  farthest  from  the  head,  otherwise 
called  posterior  wings ;  they  are  generally  smaller  than  the 
superior  or  anterior  wings ;  many  are  provided  with  hamuli. 

Inflected,  bent  inwards  at  an  angle. 

Infracted,  bent  inwards  abruptly,  as  if  broken. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  19 

InfundibuHform,  funnel-shaped . 

Inner  margin,  or  interior  margin,  of  the  wings,  is  that  margin 

which  extends  from  the  base  to  the  posterior  angle. 
Institia,  a  stria  of  equal  breadth  throughout. 
Instrumenta  cibaria,  the  trophi  ;  parts  of  the  mouth  taken  col- 
lectively. 

Interior  edge,  or  inner  edge,  the  boundary  of  the  inner  margin. 
Interior  palpi,  the  labial  palpi. 
Interrupted,  broken  in  its  continuity  ;  but  the  tips  of  the  broken 

parts  are  in  a  right  line  with  each  other.     See  dislocated. 
Interstitial  line,  the  longitudinal  space  which  intervenes  between 

two  strise  of  the  elytra. 
Intorted,  turned  or  twisted  inwards. 
Invertebral,  those  animals  which  are  destitute  of  the  vertebral 

column. 

Involute,  rolled  inwards  spirally. 
Iris,  of  an  ocellate  wing  spot,  is  a  circle  which  surrounds  the 

pupil. 
Irregular,  (antennae)  articulations  strikingly  unequal  either  in 

magnitude  or  order. 
Irrorate,  marked  with  minute  points ;  dew-like. 

J. 

Joint,  articulation ;  this  word  is  applied  to  the  space  between 
two  incisures,  as  the  divisions  of  the  antennae. 

Jugulum,  that  cavity  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  head  to  which 
the  neck  is  annexed. 

K. 

Keel,  the  carina. 

L. 

Labial  palpi,  articulated  filaments,  one  on  each  side  of  the  la- 
bium  ;  the  interior  or  anterior  palpi. 

Labiated,  having  lips. 

Labium,  lower  lip ;  composed  of  the  mentum,  and  ligula  or 
tongue  ;  it  supports  the  labial  palpi. 

Labrum,  upper  lip;  the  superior  member  of  the  trophi;  it  is 
generally  moveable,  and  applied  to  or  placed  immediately  be- 
neath the  nasus,  and  above  the  mandibles ;  it  is  sometimes 
entirely  concealed  ;  it  is  the  labium  of  some  authors. 

Lacerated,  ragged ;  torn. 

Lacinias  exteriores,  (in  the  family  Apidae,)  two  elongated,  flat- 
tened or  concave,  biarticulate  valves,  situated  on  the  tongue 


20  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

and  near  their  tip  supporting  the  labial  palpi  ;  they  are  dis- 
•  tinguished  from  those  palpi  by  being  flat  instead  of  cylindrical. 

Lacinias  interiores,  (in  the  family  Apidae,)  two  inarticulate,  mem- 
•branaceous  valves,  which  embrace  the  tongue  at  its  entrance 
into  the  tube. 

Laciniated,  jagged  ;  cfit  into  irregular  segments. 

Lactescent,  yielding  or  secreting  a  milky  fluid. 

Lacteus,  of  a  shining  white  or  milky  colour. 

Lacunose,  pitted ;  having  the  surface  covered  with  small  cavities. 
Scefavose. 

Lamella,  a  thin  plate  or  foliation. 

Lamellated,  (antennae)  divided  laterally  into  distinct  plates  or 
foliations.  See  fissile,  setaceous,  &c. 

Lanate,  woolly  ;  ^covered  with  dense,  fine,  long,  white  hairs,  so 
distinct  that  tney  may  be  separated.  See  tomentose. 

Lanceolate,  lance  or  spear-shaped ;  oblong  and  tapering  to  the 
end. 

Larva*  the  first  state  of  an  insect  subsequent  to  the  egg ;  it  is 
known  by  the  names  maggot,  grub,  caterpillar,  &c. ;  it  is  slow, 
sterile,  and  voracious;  the  old  authors  called  it  eruca. 

Lateral,  situated  on  the  side. 

Lateritious,  brick-colour;  like  miniatus,  but  duller,  and  verg- 
ing towards  yellow. 

Latticed,  cancellated. 

Leg,  the  tibia. 

Lenticular,  spherically  convex  on  both  sides ;  a  depressed  double 
convex  figure. 

Lepidoptera,  an  order  of  insects,  of  which  the  wings  are  four  in 
number,  covered  by  minute  imbricated  scales ;  as  butterflies 
and  moths. 

Leprous,  with  loose  irregular  scales. 

Ligula,  tongue;  the  superior  portion  of  the  labium  ;  it  is  situ- 
ated beneath  the  maxillae,  generally  of  a  soft  texture,  often 
bifid,  and  frequently  coriaceous  at  base.  See  lingula,  rostel- 
lum,  rostrum,  haustellum,  proboscis,  promuscis,  and  tubus. 

Ligulate,  strap-shaped,  cut  off  at  top:  somewhat  linear,  and 
much  longer  than  broad. 

Lilacinous,  lilac  colour  ;  like  violaceous,  but  duller,  tinged  with 
red. 

Limb,  the  circumference. 

Line,  the  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

Linear,  with  parallel  sides ;  narrow  and  nearly  of  a  uniform 
breadth. 

Lineatedy  lined ;  streaked  ;  marked  with  lines. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  21 

Lingua,  a  bivalve,  involuted,  obtuse  and  fistulous  tongue,  com- 
posed of  two  elongated  semitubular  fillets,  which  are  in  reality 
elongated  maxillae,  as  in  the  Lepidoptera ;  the  central  organ 
of  the  proboscis  in  the  Hymenoptera  constituting  a  cartilagin- 
ous instrument  of  suction.  Fabricius  has  applied  the  word 
labium  to  denote  this  part,  and  he  again  applies  the  same 
word  to  designate  the  whole  proboscis  ;  it  is  "  le  levre  infe- 
rieur"  of  Degeer. 

Linguiform,  tongue-shaped ;  linear  with  the  extremities  obtusely 
rounded. 

Literate,  ornamented  with  characters  like  letters. 

Livid,  dark  gray,  verging  towards  violet. 

Longitudinal,  the  direction  of  the  longest  diameter;  situated 
longitudinally  with  respect  to  the  body. 

Lora,  small  corneous  cords  upon  which  the  base  of  the  probos- 
cis is  seated ;  these  parts  seem  to  be  intended  to  let  out  or 
draw  in  the  proboscis ;  when  the  latter  is  projected  they  point 
towards  the  mouth,  and  when  it  is  retracted  they  point  towards 
the  breast;  they  are  "  les  leviers"  of  Reaumur. 

Lubricous,  covered  with  a  slippery  mucous. 

Lucid,  shining ;  applied  to  insects  which  shine  by  night,  as  Lam- 
pyris  and  Fulgora. 

Luciferous,  giving  light. 

Lunate,  cresent-shaped  ;  formed  like  a  new  moon. 

Lurid,  of  a  brownish-blue  colour. 

Luteus,  unmixed  yellow. 

Lyrate,  cut  into  several  transverse  segments,  and  gradually  en- 
larging towards  the  extremity ;  lyre-shaped. 

M. 

Macula,  a  spot  larger  than  a  puncture,  of  an  indeterminate 
figure,  and  of  a  different  colour  from  the  general  surface. 

Maculated,  spotted ;  marked  with  spots. 

Maerianum,  that  segment  of  the  postpectus  situated  one  on  each 
side  behind  the  acetabulum  and  parapleurum ;  it  supports 
the  posterior  feet. 

Maggot,  the  larva;  commonly  applied  to  the  immature  fly 
(Musca). 

Mandibles,  the  upper  jaws,  generally  corneous,  placed  one  on 
each  side  immediately  beneath  the  labrum,  and  above  the  max- 
illae, moving  transversely  ;  they  are  the  maxilla?  of  Kirby,  and 
are  destitute  of  palpi. 

Manus,  the  hand ;  the  articulated  termination  of  the  anterior 

feet;  the  anterior  tarsus,  including  palma. 
Marcescent,  shrivelling. 


22  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Margin,  that  portion  of  a  surface  which  is  within  the  edge, 
bounded  on  the  inner  side  by  the  submargin,  and  consisting 
of  a  more  or  less  dilated  imaginary  line. 

Marginal  cellules,  the  radial  cellules. 

Marginated,  surrounded  by  an  elevated  or  attenuated  margin. 

Mazilfofj&vts',  one  on  each  side  of  the  mouth  immediately  be- 
•  neath  the  mandibles,  moving  transversely,  usually  corneous 
at  base,  and  membranaceous  or  coriaceous  at  tip,  and  furnished 
with  one  or  two  palpi. 

Maxillary  palpi,  or  exterior  palpi,  articulated  moveable  filaments 
near  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  edge  of  the  maxillse ;  in  some 
.Coleoptera  there  are  two  pairs,  and  are  then  distinguished  into 
internal  and  external,  the  former  is  biarticulate  and  incum- 
bent on  the  back  of  the  maxilla. 

Members,  (artus)  the  exterior  organs  of  locomotion  taken  col- 
lectively, as  well  as  the  appendices  of  the  trunk  and  abdomen. 

Membranaceous,  thin,  skinny  and  semitransparent  like  parch- 
ment ;  of  a  thin  pliable  texture. 

Meniscoidal,  somewhat  globular,  with  one  side  concave. 

Mentum,  the  chin;  the  lowest  piece  of  the  mouth,  supporting 
the  ligula  or  tongue,  and  sometimes  covering  it  in  front. 

Metamorphosis,  an  alteration  in  the  appearance  of  an  insect, 
owing  to  the  development  of  parts  previously  concealed,  by  a 
sudden  vernantia ;  the  transformation  from  the  imperfect  or 
larva  state  to  the  perfect  insect ;  it  is  imperfect,  semicomplete, 
or  coarctate. 

Metathorax,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  stethidium  on  the 
superior  surface  ;  it  is  separated  from  the  thorax  and  scutel  by 
sutures,  and  is  particularly  obvious  in  the  Hymenoptera.  See 
dorsum. 

Miniatus,  red,  like  red-lead. 

Modioliform,  somewhat  globular,  truncated  at  both  ends  like 
the  nave  of  a  wheel. 

Monadactyle,  armed  with  a  moveable  nail  which  closes  on  the 
tip ;  it  differs  from  chelate  in  having  but  one  process. 

Monarsenous,  that  kind  of  polygamy  in  which  one  male  suffices 
for  many  females. 

Moniliform,  (antennae)  beaded  like  a  necklace.  See  aristate 
and  perfoliate. 

Monogamous,  propagating  by  the  union  of  one  male  and  one 
female  only. 

Monothclious,  that  kind  of  polygamy  in  which  a  female  is  fecun- 
dated by  many  males. 

Mouth,  the  anterior  and  terminal  part  of  the  head,  containing 
the  trophi. 


USED   IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  23 

Mucronate,  terminated  in  a  sharp  point.     See  cuspidate. 

Muricate,  armed  with  sharp  rigid  points. 

Mystax,  in  some  Diptera,  is  a  patch  of  bristles  or  hair,  imme- 
diately above  the  mouth,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  hypostoma, 
below  the  vibrissse. 

N. 

Naked,  (pupa)  not  folliculated ;  (surface)  glabrous. 

Nasus,  the  anterior  termination  of  the  face,  particularly  in  Hy- 
menoptera,  often  separated  from  the  front  by  a  suture,  and 
often  elevated,  sometimes  gibbous  ;  it  is  very  obvious  in  Vespa 
and  the  kindred  genera ;  it  has  no  relation  with  the  organs  of 
smelling  ;  it  supports  the  labrum. 

Nail,  the  unguis. 

Natatory,  (feet)  formed  for  swimming.  See  cursory,  saltatory. 

Navicular,  boat-shaped  ;  with  a  concave  disk  and  elevated  mar- 
gin; cymbiform. 

Nebulous,  clouded  ;  marked  with  many  scattered,  abrupt/dilated 
lines  of  various  forms. 

Neck,  a  contracted  posterior  termination  of  the  head  in  some 
insects. 

Nervures,  nerves  or  vein-like  processes  which  support  the  mem- 
branous part  of  the  wings;  divided  into  radial,  cubital, 
brachial  and  recurrent. 

Neuroptera,  an  order  of  insects,  including  such  as  have  four 
finely  reticulated  wings  and  no  sting,  as  Dragon-flies,  May- 
flies, &c. 

Niger,  black,  a  little  tinged  with  gray. 

Nitidus,  nearly  synonymous  with  lucid,  but  is  less  brilliant, 
and  is  applied  to  highly  polished  surfaces. 

Nutant,  nodding;  the  tip  bent  down  towards  the  horizon. 

Nymph,  the  second  state  of  an  insect,  from  the  egg,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  are  free,  or  not  inclosed  with  a  common  integu- 
ment, as  in  Grillus.  See  chrysalis,  aurelia,  pupa. 

0. 

Ob,  prefixed  to  a  word  generally  signifies  inversely. 

Obconic,  inversely  conic;  conic  with  the  vertex  pointing  down- 
ward. 

Obcordate,  inversely  heart-shaped  ;  heart-shaped  with  the  point 
applied  to  the  base  of  another  object  or  part. 

Oblate,  flattened  ;  this  term  is  applied  to  a  spheroid  of  which  the 
diameter  is  shortened  at  two  opposite  ends. 

Oblong,  the  transverse  diameter  much  shorter  than  the  longi- 
tudinal. 


i34  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Obovate,  inversely  egg-shaped,  the  narrow  end  downwards  or 

towards  the  base. 

Obsolete,  indistinct ;  inconspicuous. 
Obtect,  (pupa)  wrapped  in  a  crustaceous  covering. 
Obtuse,  blunt;  ending  in  a  segment  of  a  circle. 
Occiput,  the  hinder  part  of  the  head  :  the  part  behind  the  vertex. 
Ocellate,  applied  to  the  eye-like  spots  on  the  wings  of  Lepidop- 

terous  insectsus,  ually  formed  of  a  differently  coloured  iris  or 

ring,  inclosing  one  or  more  small  spots. 
Ocelli,  the  stemmata. 
Oculi,  the  eyes. 

Ochreous,  yellow  with  a  slight  tinge  of  brown. 
Onychii,  two  or  three  small  processes  between  the  unguis  at  the 

termination  of  the  tarsus.     See  pulvillus. 
Operculum,  a  lid  ;  a  small  valvular  appendage. 
Opposite,  placed  on  the  side  opposite  to  another,  so  that  the  bases 

01  the  two  are  on  the  same  transverse  line.     See  alternate. 
Orbicmar,  round  and  flat,  the  diameters  of  the  plane  equal. 
Orbit,  an  imaginary  border  around  the  eye. 
Order,  the  subdivision  of  a  class. 
Os,  the  mouth  and  its  parts. 
Oval,  somewhat  egg-shaped,  but  the  outlines  of  the  ends  are 

equal.     See  ovate. 
Ovate,  shaped  like  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg,  the  outline 

of  the  ends  being  unequal. 
Oviduct,  the  instrument  and  appendages  with  which  the  female 

deposits  her  eggs.    See  aculeus. 
Oviposition,  the  act  of  depositing  eggs ;  the  manner  in  which 

eggs  are  deposited. 

Oviparous,  propagating  by  means  of  eggs. 
Ovoviviparous,  producing  living  young,  the  eggs  being  disclosed 

in  the  matrix  of  the  parent. 

P. 

Palate,  the  interior  part  of  the  transverse  lip. 

Pagina  inferior,  the  lower  surface  of  a  wing. 

Pagina  superior,  the  upper  surface  of  a  wing. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy. 

Pallide-flavens,  pale  or  whitish  yellow. 

Pallidus,  of  a  pale  cadaverous  hue. 

Palma,  palm ;  the  basal  tarsal  joint  of  the  anterior  feet,  some- 
times furnished  with  strigilis.  See  manus. 

Palmate,  hand-shaped ;  cut  down  nearly  half-way  to  the  base 
into  subequal,  oblong  segments,  leaving  an  entire  space  like 
the  palm  of  the  hand. 


USED    IN   ENTOMOLOGY.  25 

Palpi,  articulated  moveable  filaments  in  the  mouth  of  insects, 
generally  shorter  than  the  antenna;  divided  into  labial  and 
maxillary  palpi. 

Panduriform,  fiddle- shaped  ;  oblong,  broad  at  the  two  extremi- 
ties, and  contracted  in  the  middle. 

Papilionaceous,  butterfly-like. 

Papillary,, having  the  apex  semiglobular  ;  somewhat  like  a 
nipple ;  this  term  ought  to  be  distinguished  from  verucose. 

Papillous,  pimpled^;  having  the  surface  covered  with  raised  dots 
or  pimples.  See  verucose. 

Pappus,  down. 

Parallelogram,  a  quadrilateral,  right-lined  figure,  whose  oppo- 
site sides  are  parallel  and  equal  to  each  other. 

Parapleurum,  that  segment  of  the  postpectus,  which  is  situated 
one  on  each  side  of  the  acetabulum,  behind  the  scapula  ;  in 
some  genera  are  two  on  each  side ;  they  may  then  be  distin- 
guished into  anterior  and  posterior. 

Parasitical,  inhabiting  another  animal. 

Parietes,  walls ;  perpendicular  sides  of  the  honeycomb ;  sides  of 
elevated  bodies. 

Patulous,  open ;  spreading. 

Pearlaceous,  having  the  appearance  of  pearl. 

Pecten,  in  Hymenoptera,  rigid,  incurved  setae  which  arm  the 
exterior  margin  of  the  upper  part  of  the  base  of  the  valvulss 
or  maxillae. 

Pectinate,  comb-shaped  ;  cut  into  regular  straight  segments  like 
the  teeth  of  a  comb.  See  perfoliate,  setaceous. 

Pectus,  the  anterior,  inferior  portion  of  the  trunk,  included  be- 
tween the  head  and  postpectus. 

Pedes,  the  feet ;  this  term  is  applied  to  the  whole  limb,  consist- 
ing of  femur,  tibia,  tarsus. 

Pedicellus,  the  third  joint  of  the  antennae,  particularly  in  Hy- 
menoptera, often  forming  the  pivot,  turning  in  the  socket  of 
the  scapus,  upon  which  the  other  articulations,  constituting 
the  apex,  sit,  and  by  means  of  which  they  often  form  an  angle 
with  that  part ;  it  is  "  le  bouton"  of  Reaumur. 

Pedicle,  a  pedicellus. 

Peduncle,  a  stalk  or  petiole. 

Pedunculated,  elevated  on  a  stalk  or  peduncle. 

Peltate,  target-shaped. 
Pendent,  hanging  down. 
Penicilliform,  pencil  shaped. 

Penis,  the  genitals  of  the  male,  consisting  of  forceps  and  phallus. 
Pennaceous,  feathered  like  the  web  of  a  quill.     Seeplumous. 

D 


26  EXPLANATION   OF  TERMS 

Penultimate,  the  last  but  one. 

Perennial,  continuing  for  several  years. 

Perfoliate,  perforated ;  applied  to  those  antennae  of  which  the 
joints  are  transversely  divided  into  thin  plates,  which  are  con- 
nected by  a  common  stalk  passing  nearly  through  their  cen- 
tres. See  clavate,  pectinate. 

Peristaethium,  that  segment  of  the  postpectus  anterjor  to  the 
insertion  of  the  intermediate  feet;  it  extends  laterally  to  the 
scapulas,  and  is  generally  connected  with  the  pectus  by  a 
membrane. 

Persistent,  permanent, 

Personate,  gaping. 

Petiolated,  supported  on  a  stem ;  (cellule)  one  of  the  cubital 
cellules  is  said  to  be  petiolated  when  it  is  triangular,  and  con- 
nected by  means  of  a  nervure  with  the  nervure  of  the  radial 
cellule;  this  disposition  more  frequently  occurs  in  the  second 
cellule. 

Petiole,  a  stem ;  the  support  which  connects  the  base  of  the 
metathorax  with  the  base  of  the  abdomen. 

Phallus,  the  masculine  organ  of  generation. 

Phosphorescent,  lucid ;  emitting  light  in  the  dark. 

Piceous,  pitchy ;  the  colour  of  pitch. 

Pilous,  having  long  sparse  hairs.     See  hirsute. 

Pinnatifid,  with  winged  clefts. 

Plane,  a  level  or  rectilinear  surface,  destitute  of  elevations  or 
depressions ;  a  curved  surface  cannot  be  plane  because  it  is  not 
rectilinear.  See  equal. 

Planta,  the  basal  joint  of  the  tarsus  of  the  posterior  pairs  of  feet 
in  Hymenoptera,  often  dilated  or  elongated,  containing  scapula. 
See  palma. 

Pleura,  the  side  of  the  stethidium,  between  the  thorax  and 
pectus. 

Plicate,  plaited ;  folded  like  a  fan. 

Plumous,  feathered ;  with  fine  hairs  on  each  side  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  feather.  See  pennaceous. 

Poisers,  the  halteres,  in  the  Diptera,  a  capitate  moveable  fila- 
ment on  each  side,  substituted  for  the  inferior  wings. 

Polliniferous ,  formed  for  collecting  the  pollen  of  plants,  as  in 
many  of  the  Hymenoptera. 

Polymorphous,  undergoing  a  metamorphose  ;  applied  to  those 
articulated  animals  with  feet  that  undergo  a  metamorphose, 
either  partial  or  total.  See  homotene. 

Polyphagous,  eating  a  variety  of  food. 

Porcate,  marked  with  raised  longitudinal  lines. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  27 

Porrect,  stretched  out;  prominent;  elongated  forwards. 

Posterior  angle,  of  the  wing,  is  the  junction  of  the  posterior 
edge  with  the  interior  edge  ;  of  the  thorax,  is  the  lateral  angle 
near  the  base  of  the  elytra. 

Posterior  edge,  the  boundary  of  the  posterior  margin. 

Posterior  margin,  of  the  wing,  extends  on  the  hind  part  of  the 
wings  from  the  apex  to  the  posterior  angle.  See  inner 
margin. 

Posterior  wings,  the  inferior  wings. 

Postpectus,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  stethidiwn  on  the  in- 
ferior surface  of  the  body,  consisting  of  several  pieces,  which 
in  the  Coleoptera  particularly  are  the  peristaethium,  aceta- 
bidum,parapleurum,  scapula,  and  maerianum. 

Prasinus,  grass-green,  without  any  tinge  of  blue. 

Premorse,  as  if  bitten  off;  with  a  blunt  or  jagged  termination. 

Prismatic,  like  a  prism  ;  of  equal  thickness  and  having  several 
flat  sides ;  differs  from  cylindrical  in  being  angular. 

Proculiform,  hollow  and  cylindrical,  with  a  hemispherical  base, 
the  sides  at  top  straight  and  not  recurved.  See  calathiform, 
cyathiform. 

Proboscis,  the  inarticulate  trophi  of  the  Muscae,  and  is  sometimes 
soft,  labiated  and  generally  retractile,  sometimes  horny  and 
acute ;  according  to  Kirby  it.  is  the  tongue  of  the  Hymenop- 
tera  with  all  the  apparatus,  and  its  vagina. 

Procumbent,  trailing;  prostrate;  lying  flat.     See  decumbent. 

Promuscis,  according  to  Illiger,  is  the  trophi  of  the  Hymenop- 
tera. 

Pruinous,  Covered  with  a  frosty  kind  of  woolliness  ;  hoary. 

Pterigostia,  or  wing-bones,  the  nervures. 

Pubescent,  coated  with  very  soft,  fine  wool,  hair  or  down,  which 
is  short  and  not  crowded.  See  villous,  tomentous. 

Pulverulent,  dusty. 

Punctured,  marked  with  small  impressed  dots.  See  scrobicu- 
late,  variolous. 

Pulvillus,  the  soft  termination  of  the  foot  between  the  unguis; 
it  is  "  un  petit  mammelon"  of  Degeer.  See  onychii. 

Puniceous,  carmine  colour. 

Pupa,  the  second  state  of  the  insect  from  the  egg,  often  quies- 
cent; the  members  being  more  or  less  concealed  by  the  com- 

,    mon  integument.     See  aurelia,  nympha,  chrysalis. 

Pupil,  of  an  ocellate  wing-spot,  is  the  central  spot  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  iris. 

Pyriform,  pear-shaped. 


28  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Q. 

Quadrangular,  having  four  angles. 

Quadrate,  square  ;   somewhat  square. 

Quadrilateral,  having  four  sides. 

Quiescence,  a  state  of  hybernation  somewhat  resembling  torpi- 
dity, wherein  the  animal  requires  but  little  nourishment,  and 
exhibits  exterior  signs  of  life. 

R. 

Radial  cellule,  or  marginal  cellule,  a  portion  of  the  membrane 
of  the  wing,  situated  near  the  apex,  included  between  the  ex- 
terior margin  and  a  nervure  which  originates  at  the  carpus  and 
passes,  with  various  degrees  of  curvature,  towards  the  apex  ; 
it  is  complete  when  the  nervure  reaches  the  apex,  and  incom- 
plete when  this  member  is  abbreviated  or  interrupted,  and 
appendiculated  when  transversely  divided  by  a  nervure  which 
does  not  originate  from  the  carpus;  when  there  are  two  radial 
cellules  the  nervure  of  one  of  them  originates  on  the  basal  side 
of,  or  below  the  carpus. 

Radiated,  furnished  with  lines  which  proceed  from  a  common 
centre.  See  stellate. 

Radicula,  radicle ;  the  basal  joint  of  the  antennae,  attached  to 
the  head. 

Radius,  the  first  nervure  of  the  external  edge  of  the  superior 
wing;  it  extends  from  the  base  to  the  carpus,  and  is  separated 
from  the  cubitus  by  a  membrane. 

Ramous,  liaving  branches ;  branched.  „ 

Raptatory,  formed  for  seizing  a  prey. 

Reclivate,  curved  in  a  convex,  then  in  a  concave  line. 

Recondite,  (aculeus)  concealed  within  the  abdomen,  seldom  ex- 
posed to  view. 

Rectigrade,  larvae,  which  having  sixteen  feet,  walk  with  a  rec- 
tilinear body.  See  geometrse. 

Rectangular,  in  the  form  of  a  right  angle  ;  having  an  angle  of 
ninety  degrees. 

Rectilinear,  right-lined  ;  formed  in  a  straight  line. 

Recurrent  nervures,  one  or  more  ascending  branches  of  the 
brachial  nervures,  which  are  inserted  into  the  cubital  cellules, 
sometimes  into  the  first  and  second,  sometimes  into  the  second 
and  third,  at  others  into  one  only. 

Recurved,  bowed  backwards. 

Reflected,  or  rejlexed,  bent  back  rather  angularly. 

Refracted,  bent  back  as  if  broken. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  29 

Remote,  further  removed  than  distant. 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped. 

Repand,  wavy;  with  alternate  segments  of  circles  and  inter- 
vening angles.     See  scolloped.' 
Replicatile,  capable  of  being  folded  back. 
Resilient,  having  the  property  of  springing  back. 
Resupinate,  upside  down  ;  horizontally  reversed. 
Reticulate,  like  net-work. 

Retinaculum,  horny  moveable  scales  in  the  Hymenoptera,  serv- 
ing instead  of  muscles  to  move  the  spicula,  or  to  prevent  it 
from  being  darted  out  too  far. 
Retracted,  opposed  to  prominent ;  drawn  back. 
Retractile,  generally  exserted,  but  capable  of  being  drawn  in. 
Retrorse,  (sinuate)  pointing  backwards ;  (serrate)  inversely  ser- 
rated. 

Retuse,  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus,  or  broad  shallow  notch ;  ter- 
minated by  an  obtuse  hollow. 
Reversed,  (wings)  deflexed,  the  margin  of  the  posterior  wings 

projecting  beyond  that  of  the  anterior  wings. 
Reviviscence,  the  awakening  from  torpidity ;  the  restoration  from 

suspended  animation. 

Revotute,  rolled  backwards  spirally.     See  convolute. 
Rhombus,  a  quadrangular  figure,  having  its  four  sides  equal  and 
its  opposite  lines  parallel,  with  two  opposite  angles  acute  and 
two  obtuse. 

Rhomboid,  a  figure  approaching  to  a  rhombus. 
Rigid,  inflexible,  not  easily  bending;  opposed  to  limber. 
Rimose,  full  of  cracks. 
Ringent,  gaping. 

Roseus,  colour  of  a  rose,  a  pale  blood  red. 
Roslellum,  a  little  bill  or  beak ;  it  is  horny  and  articulated  as  in 
Cimex,  &c. ;  it  is  the  "  rostrum"  of  Latreille.     See  rostrum. 
Rostrum,  an  immoveable  prolongation  of  the  head,  at  the  end  of 
which  is  the  mouth,  as  in  the  Curculio  kind.     Latreille  applies 
this  term  to  the  rostellum  of  the  Cimices. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped. 

Rudiment,  the  incomplete  formation  of  a  part  or  organ. 
Rufous,  reddish. 
Rugous,  wrinkled ;  with  irregularly  waved  and  elevated  lines. 

See  corrugated. 

Rnndnate,  notched ;  cut  into  several  transverse  acute  segments 
which  point  backwards. 


30  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

s. 

Saccate,  gibbous  or  inflated  towards  one  end. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped ;  triangular,  and  deeply  emarginate  at 

base. 
Saltatory,  (feet)  formed  for  leaping,  the  thighs  being  dilated. 

See  ambulatory,  cursory. 

Sanguineous,  colour  of  arterial  blood  ;  duller  than  puniceous. 
Scabrous,  rough  like  a  file,  with  small  raised  dots.   See  asperous. 
Scale,  the  squama. 
Scalloped,  (edge)  marked  or  bounded  by  segments  of  circles, 

without  intervening  angles. 
Scapula,  that  segment  that  is  situated  one  on  each  side  of  the 

peristaethium,  on  the  anterior  lateral  angle  of  the  postpectus, 

immediately  beneath  the  humeral  angle  of  the  elytrum  ;  it  is 

bounded  behind  by  the  parapleurum. 
Scapus,  scape;  the  second  articulation  of  the  antennas,  often 

elongated ;  it  is  the  "  bulbus"  of  Linne,  and  "  le  fuseau"  of 

Degeer. 
Scopa,  thick  hair,  covering  the  posterior  tibiae  of  some  Hymen- 

opterous  insects ;  it  is  used  in  collecting  and  carrying  pollen. 

See  scopula  and  corbicula. 
Scopula,  bristles  or  rigid  hairs,  in  some  Hymenopterous  insects, 

covering  the  inside  of  the  plantse,  principally  those  of  the 

posterior  feet. ;  it  is  very  conspicuous  in  polleniferous  insects ; 

it  is  the  "  scopa"  of  Schrank,  and  "  la  brosse"  of  Reaumur. 

See  scopa,  Jimbria,  flocculus. 
Scriptus,  lettered ;  marked  with  various  characters  resembling 

letters. 
Scrobiculated,  pitted;  having  the  surface  covered  with  hollows; 

with  deep  round  pits.     See  favose. 
Scrotiform,  purse-shaped. 

Scutel,  or  scutellum,  a  small  subtriangular  portion  of  the  supe- 
rior surface  of  an  insect,  generally  separated  by  a  suture  from 

the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  thorax. 

Scutellar  angle,  (of  the  elytra]  is  the  angle  next  to  the  scutel. 
Secund,  pointing  one  way  ;  unilateral. 
Securiform,  hatchet-shaped  ;  triangular-compressed  like  the  iron 

part  of  a  hatchet.     See  dolabriform. 
Segment,  of  the  abdomen,  is  a  ring  or  division  of  that  part,  and 

is  bounded  by  sutures  or  incisures. 
Semicomplete,  (metamorphose)  in  this  kind  of  change  the  insect 

continues  active  and  feeds,  as  in  Grillus.     See  coarctate,  in- 
complete. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  31 

Semicylindric,  flat  on  one  side ;  the  form  of  the  longitudinal 
half  of  a  cylinder. 

Semisagittate,  half  arrow-shaped  ;  like  the  longitudinal  half  of 
an  arrow-head. 

Septum,  an  internal  division  of  a  tubular  body. 

Sericeous,  having  the  surface  shining  by  means  of  dense,  minute, 
short,  silky  hair.  See  pubescent. 

Serrate,  like  the  teeth  of  a  common  saw  ;  differs  from  crenate 
in  having  the  teeth  acute,  and  from  dentate  in  having  them 
directed  towards  one  end,  their  tips  not  being  opposite  to  the 
middle  of  their  base. 

Sesquitertial,  occupying  the  fourth  part. 

Sesquiocellus,  or  sesquialter,  a  large  ocellus  including  a  smaller 
one. 

Sessile,  connected  immediately  with  the  part  from  which  it 
originates,  without  the  intervention  of  a  peduncle ;  (abdomen) 
attached  to  the  stethidium  by  a  considerable  part  of  its  whole 
breadth. 

Seta,  a  bristle. 

Setaceous,  bristle-shaped ;  slender  and  gradually  attenuated  to 
the  tip.  See  capillary  ^ filiform. 

Setarious,  aristate ;  terminating  in  a  simple  naked  bristle,  as 
in  the  antennae  of  some  of  the  Diptera. 

Setous,  bristly,  set  with  bristles. 

Sexes,  of  insects,  are  distinguished  in  Entomological  works  by 
£  (Mars)  for  male,  and  9  (Venus)  female. 

Shank,  the  tibia. 

Simple,  destitute  of  any  remarkable  process  or  appendage ; 
(thighs)  equal,  not  dilated  or  formed  for  leaping ;  (aculeus) 
having  only  a  single  dart  or  point,  not  vaginate. 

Sinuate,  indented  :  cut  into  deep  sinuses. 

Sinus,  a  curvilinear  indentation  more  or  less  profound ;  differs 
from  emargina  in  not  being  angulated ;  an  excavation  as  if 
scooped  out.  See  refuse. 

Solid,  this  term  is  applied  to  the  capitulum  of  the  antennae, 
when  the  articulations  of  which  it  is  composed  exhibit  no  in- 
terval between  them. 

Sparse,  or  sparsate,  scattered ;  spread  irregularly,  and  at  a  dis- 
tance from  each  other. 

Spatulate,  battledoor-shaped ;  round  and  broad  at  top  and  attenu- 
ated at  base.  See  cuneiform. 

Species,  comprehends  all  the  individuals  which  descend  from  one 
another  or  from  a  common  parentage,  and  those' which  resemble 
them  as  much  as  they  resemble  each  other. 


32  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Specific  character,  a  character  which  comprehends  all  the  indi- 
viduals of  a  species,  and  distinguishes  them  from  all  others  of 
the  same  genus. 

Spicula,  the  instrument  with  which  the  female  lays  her  eggs. 
See  vagina. 

Spinous,  armed  with  acute  processes  or  spines. 

Spinous-radiate,  beset  with  spines  in  a  circle,  either  concatenate, 
united  at  their  bases,  or  setaceous,  like  bristles. 

Spinulx,  spinous  processes  at  the  base  of  the  tibia,  in  Hymen- 
opterous  insects,  including  velum;  they  are  the  "  spines"  or 
"  spurs"  of  Degeer,  and  heels  of  Leach. 

Spiracula,  spiracle,  one  of  the  lateral  orifices  of  the  trunk  and 
abdomen,  through  which  insects  respire ;  the  stigmata. 

Spiral,  revolving  obliquely  like  a  corkscrew ;  or  rolled  up  like 
a  watch-spring. 

Spurious,  this  word  is  applied  to  the  anterior  feet  of  some  of 
the  Lepidoptera,  in  which  these  members  are  destitute  of  nails 
and  not  suitable  for  walking. 

Spurs,  the  spinulse. 

Squama,  or  scale,  a  small  scale  above  the  halteres  in  the  Dip- 
tera ;  it  is  composed  of  two  pieces  united  at  their  edges,  as  in 
bivalve  shells. 

Squamula,  a  very  small,  corneous,  concavo-convex  scale,  co- 
vering the  base  of  the  superior  wings  in  some  insects. 

Squamous,  scaly  ;  covered  with  scales. 

Squarrous,  scurfy ;  consisting  of  rough  scales  spreading  every 
way,  or  divided  into  pieces,  standing  upright  and  not  parallel 
with  the  surface. 

Stellate,  star-formed ;  with  four  or  five  radiating  lines.  See 
radiated. 

Stemmata,  two  or  three  simple,  convex,  crystalline  bodies  on 
the  vertex  of  many  insects,  resembling  the  eyes  of  spiders, 
&c.,  and  probably  performing  the  same  functions. 

Sternum,  a  carina  or  corneous  process  immersed  in,  or  prominent 
on  the  pectus,  and  which  extends  longitudinally  between  the 
anterior  feet,  often  elongated  before  or  behind,  or  concealed 
by  the  base  of  the  anterior  feet. 

Stethidium,  the  trunk ;  all  that  part  of  the  body  included  be- 
tween the  head  and  abdomen.  See  thorax. 

Stigma,  an  opake  spot  on  the  costal  margin  of  the  anterior 
wings,  as  in  some  Neuroptera,  &c. ;  it  is  the  "anastomosis" 
of  Kirby,  and  the  "  punctum  marginale"  of  Linne.  See 
carpus. 

Stigmata,  the  spiracula. 


USED   IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  33 

Stipes,  the  stalk  or  basal  portion  of  the  proboscis. 

Stipitate,  supported  on  &  pedicle. 

Stria,  a  longitudinal  line,  often  punctured,  generally  proceeding 

from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  elytra. 

Striate,  scored ;  marked  with  fine,  parallel,  impressed,  longitu- 
dinal lines.     See  sulcate. 
Striga,  a  narrow  transverse  line.     See  fascia. 
Strigilis,  a  deep  sinus  near  the  base  of  the  palma ;  in  some 

Hymenoptera  it  is  often  pectinated. 

Strigose,  clothed  with  rigid  bristles  thickest  at  base.  See  hispid. 
Sub,  is  prefixed  to  many  of  the  terms  used  in  Entomology,  and 

signifies  that  the  term  is  not  exactly  applicable,  in  its  strictly 

defined  sense,  to  the  subject  spoken  of,  but  that  it  must  be 

understood  with  some  latitude;  thus  subovate  is  somewhat 

egg-shaped. 
Subcutaneous,  placed  under  the  skin  ;  applied  to  larvae  which 

feed  under  the  skin  of  animals,  or  within  the  substance  of  |he 

leaf  of  a  plant. 

Suberoded,  (wings)  somewhat  indented,  but  irregularly. 
Submargin,  an  imaginary  portion  of  a  surface,  situated  exterior 

to  the  disk,  and  within  the  margin. 
Submarginal  cellules,  the  cubital  cellules. 
Subocellate,  applied  to  a  spot  on  the  wing  of  a  Lepidopterous 

Insect,  when  it  resembles  an  ocellate  spot,  but  is  destitute  of  a 

pupil ;  blind. 

Subulate,  awl-shaped  ;  linear  at  base  and  attenuated  at  the  tip. 
Sulcated,  marked  with  broad,  concave,  parallel  lines ;  grooved  ; 

furrowed.     See  striate. 

Sulphureous,  bright  yellow ;  the  colour  of  sulphur. 
Superciliary,  placed  above  the  eyes. 
Superior  wings,  the  anterior  or  upper  pair  of  wings. 

T. 

Tail,  the  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen ;  an  elongation  of 
the  tip  of  the  inferior  wing  in  some  Lepidoptera. 

Tarsus,  the  small  terminal  joints  of  the  feet,  divided  into  planta, 
digitus  ;  Kirby  limits  this  designation  to  the  terminal  joints 
of  the  intermediate  and  posterior  pairs  of  feet ;  for  that  of  the 
anterior  pair  see  manus  ;  but  authors  generally  have  not  made 
this  distinction. 

Tegmina,  wing  covers  of  the  Orthoptera ;  the  left  laps  over  the 
right  in  Blatta,  Phasma,  and  male  Locustae,  and  generally  in 
Gryllus  and  Truxalis — the  right  over  the  left  in  Mantis, 

E 


34  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Mantispa,  Acheta,  Gryllotalpa,  and  some  female  Locusta.  See 

hemelytra. 
Tegula,  a  small  scale,  resembling  the  squamula  of  the  Diptera, 

but  more  simple  and  solid,  on  the  base  of  the  superior  wings 

of  many  insects. 
Tendo,  one  or  more  bristles  attached  near  the  base  of  the  under 

wing,  and  passing  through  the  hook  (hamus)  in  many  male 

Lepidoptera ;  the  females  often  have  the  tendo,  but  never  the 

hamus. 
Tentacula,  retractile  processes  on  the  larvae  of  some  species  of 

Lepidoptera. 
Teres,  nearly  cylindric. 
Tergum,  the  superior  portion  of  the  abdomen,  separated  from 

the  venter  by  lateral  sutures,  and  divided  into  segments  which 

are  perforated  each  side  with  the  spiraculse. 
Terminal,  situated  at  the  extremity. 
Tessellated,  chequered ;  figured  like  a  chess-board. 
Testaceous,  tile  or  brick  colour. 
Tetragonal,  having  four  corners  or  angles. 
Thigh,  the  femur;  the  third  joint  of  the  feet. 
Thorax,  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  trunk,  included  by  the  dorsal 

sutures,  and  including;  tubercula,  anterior  angle,  posterior 

angle,  base.     Seepectus. 
Thyrsus,  a  cluster. 
Tibia,  the  leg,  or  fourth  joint  of  the  feet ;  it  is  slender,  long, 

enlarging  towards  the  extremity,  which  is  truncated;  includ- 
ing spinulse,  scopa,  and  corbicula. 

Tip,  of  the  elytra,  is  that  part  which  is  opposed  to  the  base. 
Tomentose,  covered  with  fine  hairs  so  matted  together  that  par- 
ticular hairs  cannot  be  separated.     See  lanate,  ciliate. 
Tongue,  the  ligula  or  lingua. 

Torose,  protu berating;  swelling  into  knobs  or  protuberances. 
Torpidity,  a  state  of  hybernation  in  which  no  exterior  signs  of 

life  are  exhibited.     See  quiescence,  revivescence. 
Tortilis,  twisted. 
Transverse,  the  longest  diameter  placed  transversely  with  respect 

to  the  body. 
Trapezium,  a  quadrilateral  or  four-sided  figure,  with  none  of  its 

sides  parallel. 

Trichotomous,  dividing  by  threes. 
Tricuspidate,  ending  in  three  points. 
Tridactylous,  having  three  toes  or  claws. 
Trigonate,  three-cornered. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  35 

Triquetrous,  three-sided ;  with  three  flat  sides.     See  trigonate. 
Trochanter,  the  second  joint  of  the  feet,  preceding  the  thigh  or 

femur;  it  is  also  the  second  joint  of  the  apophysis ;  it  is 

very  prominent  in  the  Carabidae. 
Trochlearis,  pulley-shaped;  like  a  cylinder  contracted  in  the 

middle. 
Trophi,  instrumenta  cibaria ;  feeders ;  parts  of  the  mouth  taken 

collectively,  composed  of  five  principal  parts,  viz.  labrum, 

mandibles,  maxillae,  palpi,  labium. 
Truncate,  cut  off  square  at  tip.     See  emarginate,  sinus. 
Trunk,  or  stethidium,  that  part  of  the  body  which  intervenes 

between  the  head  and  abdomen,  including  wings,  feet,  thorax, 

pectus,  epigastrium. 
Tubercle,  a  little  solid  pimple. 
Tubercula,  an  elevated  triangular  process  at  the  anterior  angle 

of  the  thorax,  particularly  in  Hymenoptera. 
Tubulous,  formed  like  a  tube ;  fistulous. 
Tubus,  a  corneous  sheath  at  the  base  of  the  tongue,  including 

fulcrum,  auriculae,  and  laciniae.     Fabricius  calls  it  the  base 

of  the  tongue.     Degeer  names  it  "  the  intermediate  piece  of 

the  sheath ;"  Swammerdam  also  considers  it  "  the  sheath  of 

the  tongue."     Latreille  names  it  "  la  gaine." 
Tunicate,  composed  of  concentric  layers  enveloping  one  another. 
Turbinate,  top-shaped  ;  nearly  conical ;  it  differs  from  pyriform 

in  being  shorter  and  more  suddenly  attenuated  at  base. 
Turgid,  swollen. 

U. 

Umbilicate,  resembling  a  navel. 

Umbonate,  bossed,  having  an  elevated  knob  in  the  centre.  See 
gibbous. 

Uncinate,  hooked  at  the  end. 

Unequal,  opposed  to  equal;  differing  in  length. 

Undulated,  waved  obtusely,  without,  any  right  lines,  but  in  seg- 
ments of  circles.  See  flexuous. 

Unguiculate,  armed  with  a  hook  or  nail. 

Unguis,  nail  or  claw,  two  incurved  hooks  which  terminate  the 
tarsus.  See  pulvillus. 

Ungulate,  hoof-shaped  ;  like  a  horse's  hoof. 

Urceolate,  pitcher-shaped  ;  swelling  in  the  middle  like  a  pitcher. 
See  infundibuliform,  cyathiform. 

Utriculus,  a  little  bag,  or  hollow  vesicle. 


36  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 


V. 

Vagina,  every  part,  the  office  of  which  is  to  cover,  defend,  or 
support  the  tongue — it  is  divided  into  tubus,  valvx,  palpi, 
lora,  and  annulus  (Kirby) ;  the  bivalve  coriaceous  sheath  or 
cover  of  the  spicula. 

Paginate,  (aculeus)  inclosed  in  a  bivalve  sheath. 

Valvse,  or  valvulse,  in  the  Hymenoptera,  are  two  coriaceous 
laminae  or  sheaths  which  surround  and  inclose  the  vagina, 
and  which  support  the  exterior  palpi ;  small  concave  mem- 
branes inclosing  the  proboscis ;  the  maxillae. 

Variety,  a  peculiarity  of  colour  or  form  in  an  individual,  not 
proper  to  the  species ;  this  difference  is  sometimes  inherited 
by  several  successive  generations. 

Variolous,  with  large,  unequal,  impressed  points. 

Veins,  (venae).     See  nervures. 

Velum,  membranaceous  appendages  attached  to  the  spinulse  at 
the  apex  of  the  anterior  tibiae. 

Venter,  the  inferior  portion  of  the  abdomen,  separated  from  the 
tergum  by  lateral  sutures,  and  divided  into  segments. 

Ventricose,  distended ;  bellying;  inflated. 

Vernantia,  vernatio ;  moulting,  the  shedding  of  the  skin  or 
exuvia. 

Verrucose,  having  little  hard  lumps  or  wart-like  elevations  upon 
the  surface.  See  papillous,  apiculate. 

Versatile,  vane-like ;  turning  about  like  a  vane. 

Vertebral,  of  or  belonging  to  the  vertebra ;  generally  used  to 
indicate  spots,  lines,  or  a  different  shading  of  colour,  &c.,  im- 
mediately over  the  part  corresponding  with  the  vertebral 
column  in  a  vertebral  animal. 

Vertex,  that  part  of  the  face  which  lies  between  the  occiput, 
eyes  and  front;  (Diptera)  the  superior  portion  of  the  front. 

Vertical,  perpendicular ;  at  right  angles  with  the  horizon.  See 
erect. 

Verticillate,  placed  in  whirls. 

Vesicular^  beset  with  prominences  that  are  internally  concave, 
or  with  little  bladders. 

Vibratile,  this  term  is  used  to  express  the  almost  continual 
movement  of  the  antennae  of  some  Ichneumons  and  Mutillas ; 
and  of  the  wings  of  some  Diptera. 

VibrisssB,  curved  bristles  or  hairs  in  some  Diptera  situated  be- 
tween the  mystax  and  the  antennae. 

Villi,  soft  hairs. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  37 

Villous,  soft  haired ;  clothed  with  long,  soft  hair.  See  hirsute, 
pubescent. 

Violaceous,  violet  colour ;  a  mixture  of  blue  and  red. 

Viscid,  covered  with  a  resinous  or  greasy  matter.  See  glutin- 
ous. 

Vitellinus,  yellow,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red. 

Vitta,  a  longitudinal  coloured  line. 

W. 

Whirls,  or  whorls,  generally  on  the  antennae,  consisting  of  small 
hairs  placed  round  the  joints,  like  spokes  round  the  nave  of  a 
wheel.  See  verticellate. 

Wing-cells,  the  areae. 

Winglets,  small  concavo-convex  scales  generally  fringed  at  tip, 
placed  under  the  base  of  the  jelytra  in  Dy  tiscus  marginalis. 

Wings,  membranaceous,  reticulated  instruments  of  flight,  affixed 
laterally  to  the  thorax,  comprehending  superior  or  anterior, 
and  inferior  or  posterior  wings,  elytra  and  hemelytra.  See 
posterior  angle,  nervure,  stigma. 


THE  END, 


not  t 
Say. 
A  gloscar 

Entomology 


e.  mi or. 
to  Say1 s 


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